Thursday, December 27, 2012

Learning gardens seek to combat childhood obesity - Colorado ...

Give a child the proverbial choice between candy and a carrot, and he?ll likely choose candy ? unless he helped grow the carrot.

The hypothesis was one of many posited by District 11 dietician Jamie Humphrey last fall as she helped to launch a large garden at the Galileo School of Math and Science.

The students proved her right.

?The little cherry tomatoes are so sweet ? the kids just eat them up like they?re going out of style,? she said.

Humphrey hopes that noshing on nutrient-dense produce is a habit the school?s students will maintain.

?If kids are choosing healthy foods versus foods that are high in sugar, salt and fat, they will make healthier food choices as they grow into adults,? she said.

A GROWING PROBLEM

Nearly a third of American children are overweight or obese, according to a 2010 report released by the White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity.

As such, they?re more likely to develop conditions such as asthma and Type 2 diabetes at a young age.

For some kids, obesity is a phase. For others, it?s the start of a potentially deadly trend. Obese children are more likely to turn into obese adults. Obese adults are at a greater risk of developing a host of conditions such as heart disease and some forms of cancer.

Though Colorado is one of the more fit states in the nation, it isn?t immune to the epidemic. The percentage of obese children in the state climbed from 9.9 in 2003 to 14.2 in 2007, dropping Colorado from its position as a leader in childhood fitness to middle of the road when compared with other states, according to data released by The Colorado Health Foundation.

Among the nearly 1,700 children enrolled in Head Start and Colorado Preschool programs in El Paso County, numbers are even higher: 22 percent are obese.

?In this country, community and in our program, we have an epidemic of really young children who are suffering from obesity,? said Noreen Landis-Tyson, president of the Community Partnership for Child Development, which runs the programs in the county. ?To me, this is a resource issue, an educational issue, a stress issue.?

Sukie Jackson, director of the Ruth Washburn Nursery Cooperative, agrees that childhood obesity sometimes boils down to a lack of education, not resources.

Since 1999, the center has been home to a number of learning gardens, including a vegetable garden with a chicken coop.

Though 20 percent of the center?s students are on scholarships, the majority come from households that can afford the center?s tuition, which tops out near $4,000 a year for four half-day sessions a week.

Yet some students still battle obesity, Jackson said.

The center?s parents have been known to have passionate discussions about the differences between carrot muffins, which are considered acceptable snacks for school, and frosted carrot cake, which is not.

?You can?t assume that someone who is not on a scholarship gets good food at home,? Jackson said.

AN EFFECTIVE WEAPON

Learning gardens can?t cure childhood obesity, but studies show that they?re effective in combating it.

Travis Robinson would know. He?s the managing director of Boulder-based nonprofit The Kitchen Community, founded last year with the aim of whittling away at childhood obesity rates by connecting kids with ?real food.?

Founders chose learning gardens as their weapon of choice because they increase kids? consumption of fruits and veggies two and a half to three times. They do so by providing children with a ?basic knowledge of where their food comes from,? Robinson said.

?They don?t know what grows underground, what grows aboveground,? he said. ?It?s that basic knowledge that results in behavioral changes.?

The organization has so far helped to launch more than 20 learning gardens, including one at the Fort Carson Head Start Center, run by Landis-Tyson?s organization.

Volunteers installed the Fort Carson garden?s infrastructure in the fall, and center employees plan to sow seeds in the spring.

Come harvest season next year, they hope the garden yields a bumper crop of colorful, robust vegetables and herbs, which they plan to sneak into snacks and send home with children.

Landis-Tyson hopes that the Fort Carson center sees results similar to that of the Galileo School.

?It?s about taking the mystery out of some really healthy foods and giving kids a chance to try them,? she said.

?They?re much more likely to try something they?ve had a hand in growing than something that comes out of a can.

?Gardens take the mystery out of veggies and fruit.?

Source: http://www.gazette.com/articles/gardens-148949-carrot-learning.html

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Tuesday, December 11, 2012

Global Climate Talks Spark Frustration

Even as warnings of the potentially catastrophic effects of global warming mounted, negotiators at global climate talks in Qatar made only modest steps toward halting warming as they came to an end over the weekend.

Perhaps most significant among them, was the extension of the Kyoto Protocol a greenhouse-gas emissions reduction treaty, until 2020 when a new global climate treaty ? which has yet to be drafted ? is set to take effect.

To the frustration of some observers, none of these new developments, including the extension of the Kyoto Protocol, significantly curbs the trajectory of greenhouse gas emissions across the globe, which has been steadily growing.??

The United Nations talks' modest progress contrasted with the simultaneous alarms related to global warming, ranging from extreme events ? most recently, the Bopha typhoon in the Philippines and Hurricane Sandy along the U.S. East Coast ? to reports, such as one from the World Bank, which outlined the havoc a 5.2-degree Fahrenheit (4-degree Celsius) increase in global temperatures would wreak. (The report and scientists have warned that without significant action, the planet could face this amount of average warming.) [8 Ways Global Warming Is Already Changing the World]

There are reasons for optimism "on the margins of the negotiations," such as a handful of new emissions reduction pledges (although none by major emitters like the United States), as well as initiatives and national policies occurring outside the U.N. process, according to an assessment by the nonprofit Climate Analytics.

However, the assessment concluded that, given the current state of affairs, "the world is still set to warm well above 3 degrees C (5.2 degrees F)."

Doha gains

The extension of the Kyoto Protocol, a greenhouse gas emissions reduction treaty, that would otherwise have ended this year, was among the small-scale accomplishments achieved at negotiations in Qatar, said Nathan Hultman, an associate professor at the University of Maryland.

A handful of developed nations, including the European Union and Australia, agreed to take on new emissions reductions' commitments as part of a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol.

While this agreement carries some symbolic and practical importance, "it is not really a global agreement," said Hultman, who attended part of the conference.

China and the United States, the two biggest emitters, as well as other major players, did not enter the agreement, he said.

A long-term agreement is on the horizon, based on a decision made last year at talks in Durban. Under the timeline, the agreement must be drawn up by 2015 and implemented by 2020. However, no significant progress was made on it this year, Hultman said.

Negotiators did manage to close out some long-standing discussions and continued attempts to raise funds from developed countries to assist developing nations.

A suite of emission reductions' pledges put in place after talks in 2009 remained largely unchanged with no major emitter offering further cuts. [The 10 Craziest Environmental Ideas]

The lack of significant progress on changing the planet?s emission trajectory has prompted "a real lack of faith in the ability of nations to come together on a global deal," said Ellie Johnston, Lead Now fellowship director for the youth organization SustainUs. "There is a question whether or not the UNFCCC [United Nations Framework on Climate Change Convention] can produce the agreement we need to address climate change."

But, she added, the U.N. process should continue, because "we need some sort of mechanism to pull all of the nations together to help encourage each other along."

A quiet year

The talks at Doha started to relatively low expectations, said Travis Franck, senior scientist and policy analyst for the nongovernmental group Climate Interactive, who attended part of the conference.

Other recent climate meetings have not brought much progress either, and the geopolitical landscape has changed little recently, Franck said, adding that major players, such as China and the United States, haven't significantly altered their positions, and the European Union's debt crisis has prevented it from playing a leading role.

Timing was also important.

"The next big conversation is the big Durban Platform," he said, referring to the treaty on the horizon for 2015. "That isn't coming to a head for a couple of years, so the pressure isn't there."

Accumulating evidence

Meanwhile, however, a sense of urgency has been building.

Natural disasters such as Superstorm Sandy, and most recently, Typhoon Bopha, which has taken hundreds of lives in the Philippines, have called attention to the connection between climate change and extreme weather events.

On Thursday (Dec. 6), a Philippine delegate called attention to the disaster in his country, saying, "let this be the year we found the courage to take responsibility for the future we want. ? If not us, then who? If not now, then when? If not here, then where?" the Earth Negotiations Bulletin reported. [Extreme Weather Facts: Quiz Yourself]

The talks also coincided with the release of U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration reports examining unprecedented change in the Arctic, including retreating sea ice, and declaring that 2012 would almost certainly be the warmest year on record for the lower 48 U.S. states.

Negotiators have the goal of reducing emissions in order to cap warming at 3.6 degrees F (2 degrees C). However, carbon dioxide emissions have continued to climb. In 2011, China and India were the largest contributors to the growth in emissions, offsetting declines in emissions from the United States and the European Union, according to a report by the Global Carbon Project. (The United States remains the second largest emitter even though its emissions are declining.)

Beyond the negotiations

The U.N. negotiations may be proceeding slowly, but Niklas H?hne, director of energy and climate policy at the independent research and consulting company Ecofys and an author of the Climate Analytics assessment, sees encouraging things happening on the sidelines.

A handful of countries (none major emitters) are offering new pledges to reduce emissions; countries such as Korea, Brazil and Mexico are implementing policies at home to meet their pledges; and plenty of policies are being made at the national, subnational and city level to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, H?hne said.

The international process plays an important role in spurring nations to implement policies at home, he said.

"It may not be sufficient to reach the common goal of limiting climate change to 2 degrees C [3.6 degrees F] but it is certainly one very important factor to make it happen," he said. In past work, H?hne and colleagues highlighted 21 promising initiatives for emissions reductions occurring outside the U.N. process.

Hultman agreed that the U.N. process was not the only venue for addressing climate change.

"International discussions are one element, and we have all these other dimensions of action," he said. "It is important not to lose sight of those other actions as well."

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Copyright 2012 LiveScience, a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/global-climate-talks-spark-frustration-213959869.html

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Digested formula, but not breast milk, is toxic to cells, in vitro study finds

Dec. 10, 2012 ? Free fatty acids created during the digestion of infant formula cause cellular death that may contribute to necrotizing enterocolitis, a severe intestinal condition that is often fatal and occurs most commonly in premature infants, according to a study by University of California, San Diego bioengineers. Their report, which was based on in vitro tests comparing the digestion of fresh human breast milk and nine different infant formulas, was published online in the journal Pediatric Research.

Scientists have long known that premature infants fed formula are more likely to develop necrotizing enterocolitis than those fed breast milk. The condition is the leading cause of death from gastrointestinal diseases in premature infants, but the underlying mechanism has not been understood. Alexander Penn, a research scientist working in the Microcirculation Laboratory of bioengineering Professor Geert Schmid-Sch?nbein from the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering, believes they have come closer to an answer.

Penn and others had previously determined that the partially digested food in a mature, adult intestine is capable of killing cells, due to the presence of free fatty acids which have a "detergent" capacity that damages cell membranes. The intestines of healthy adults and older children have a mature mucosal barrier that may prevent damage due to free fatty acids. However, the intestine is leakier at birth, particularly for preterm infants, which could be why they are more susceptible to necrotizing enterocolitis.

Therefore, the researchers wanted to know what happens to breast milk as compared to infant formula when they are exposed to digestive enzymes. They "digested," in vitro, infant formulas marketed for full term and preterm infants as well as fresh human breast milk using pancreatic enzymes or fluid from an intestine. They then tested the formula and milk for levels of free fatty acids. They also tested whether these fatty acids killed off three types of cells involved in necrotizing enterocolitis: epithelial cells that line the intestine, endothelial cells that line blood vessels, and neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that is a kind of "first responder" to inflammation caused by trauma in the body.

Overwhelmingly, the digestion of formula led to cellular death, or cytotoxicity -- in less than 5 minutes in some cases -- while breast milk did not. For example, digestion of formula caused death in 47 percent to 99 percent of neutrophils while only 6 percent of them died as a result of milk digestion. The study found that breast milk appears to have a built-in mechanism to prevent cytotoxicity. The research team believes most food, like formula, releases high levels of free fatty acids during digestion, but that breast milk is digested in a slower, more controlled, process.

Currently, many neonatal intensive care units are moving towards formula-free environments, but breastfeeding a premature infant can be challenging or physically impossible and supplies of donor breast milk are limited. To meet the demand if insufficient breast milk is available, less cytotoxic milk replacements will need to be designed in the future that pose less risk for cell damage and for necrotizing enterocolitis, the researchers concluded.

This may be of benefit not only to premature infants, but also to full-term infants at higher risk for disorders that are associated with gastrointestinal problems and more leaky intestines, such as autism spectrum disorder. Dr. Sharon Taylor, a professor of pediatric medicine at UC San Diego School of Medicine and a pediatric gastroenterologist at Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, said the study offers more support to an already ongoing push by hospitals, including neonatal intensive care units, to encourage breastfeeding even in more challenging circumstances in the NICU. For patients who are too premature or frail to nurse, Dr. Taylor said hospital staff should provide consultation and resources to help mothers pump breast milk that can be fed to the baby through a tube.

The research was carried out in collaboration with Dr. Taylor, Karen Dobkins of the Department of Psychology, and Angelina Altshuler and James Small of the Department of Bioengineering at UC San Diego and was funded by the National Institutes of Health (NS071580 and GM85072). The researchers conclude that breast milk has a significant ability to reduce cytotoxicity that formula does not have. One next step is to determine whether these results are replicated in animal studies and whether intervention can prevent free fatty acids from causing intestinal damage or death from necrotizing enterocolitis.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of California - San Diego, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Alexander H. Penn, Angelina E. Altshuler, James W. Small, Sharon F. Taylor, Karen R. Dobkins, Geert W. Schmid-Sch?nbein. Digested formula but not digested fresh human milk causes death of intestinal cells in vitro: implications for necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatric Research, 2012; DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.125

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/JazmhchlCzw/121210124616.htm

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Friday, December 7, 2012

Nick Diaz, not Johny Hendricks, to get next shot at Georges St-Pierre and welterweight belt

Though the UFC had focused on making a superfight between welterweight champion Georges St-Pierre and middleweight champ Anderson Silva, and Johny Hendricks was supposed to be the next welterweight contender, another fighter will get a shot at GSP before Silva or Hendricks. At the UFC on Fox 5 press conference, UFC president Dana White said Nick Diaz will get the next shot at St-Pierre.

Diaz is coming off of a close decision loss to Carlos Condit. He is also suspended because the Nevada Athletic Commission found marijuana metabolites during his drug test. Still, he's seen as the ideal candidate over Hendricks, who won his last five fights. Two of his last three wins were knockouts in under a minute.

Hendricks immediately took to Twitter after he heard the news:

He has a point. Hendricks has the credentials for the title shot, and White said Hendricks was the no. 1 contender after he knocked out Martin Kampmann at UFC 154.

"He looked damn good tonight," White said. "It was a replica of the Jon Fitch fight. He even landed it in the same spot (as the Jon Fitch fight). It was impressive, so I would say yes, he is (the No. 1 contender)."

Diaz jumping to the front of the line is yet another reminder that the UFC is a business first. It's their job to sell pay-per-views and attract viewers to fights on Fox, FX and Fuel. The fighter who has earned his way to the top isn't always the best one to attract viewers.

Source: http://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/mma-cagewriter/nick-diaz-not-johny-hendricks-next-shot-georges-221912590--mma.html

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